Effects of Computer Skills, Accessibility, Usefulness of Library Electronic Resources and Utilisation by Lecturers of Two Universities in South-West, Nigeria

Hafeez Folounsho Ajibona^{* *}Correspondence: Hafeez Folounsho Ajibona, Department of Library and Information Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oyo State, Nigeria, Email:

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Introduction

The introduction of the internet and the world wide web has dramatically improved the way we can access and distribute electronic information [1]. Documents and texts in digital form can now be accessed from remote locations on the other side of the world in a matter of seconds. This new way of storing and accessing information has led to the concept of the digital or electronic library [2]. With the invention of information and communication technology, libraries now use various types of technologies to aid the services they render [3]. Everyday new technological advances affect the way information is handled in libraries and information centers [4]. The impacts of new technologies are felt by libraries in every aspect [5]. Computing technology, communication technology and mass storage technology are some of the areas of continuous development that reshape the way that libraries access, retrieve, store, manipulate and disseminate information to users [6]. The academic library has been from its inception an integral part of institutions of higher learning, rather than an appendix or adjunct [7]. Lecturers, due to the nature of their job seek out information in the library, this is because libraries especially academic libraries have resources that are more comprehensive and scholarly than most websites provide [8]. Libraries provide access to scholarly literature that as a rule is not freely available on the web, or may not be online at all [9]. Library electronic resources are library resources in electronic form, rather than on paper or other localized media [10]. Paper copies of electronic documents or of excerpts from them can generally be produced for the readers' convenience [11]. However, the essence of the electronic resources is that: Documents are stored and can be used in electronic (or similarly machine-readable) form [12]. A digital record is more economical and ordinarily more useful [13]. Library Electronic resources are information resources provided in electronic form, and these include resources available on the internet such as e-books e-journals, online database, CD-ROM databases and other computer -based electronic networks such as OPAC, among others [14]. The traditional print resources nowadays face challenges from their electronic counterparts in faster and timely delivery of information as well as improved access [15]. The adoption of computers for libraries' technical operations, the transition from the paper library to the automated library can be viewed as an evolutionary development [16]. Much of the change represented at least initially, the mechanization of previously manual procedures of the paper library [17]. The changes have been at least until the provision of on-line catalogs mainly for internal efficiency and for the convenience of library employees [18]. In contrast, the rise of the information and communication technology in which materials are stored in electronic form may seem more revolutionary than evolutionary because of the implications for the provision and use of library services. Much of what is published nowadays has already existed in machine-readable form because authors commonly use word-processors and printers to the production of their documents.

Library electronic resources possess some characteristics which are:

• Electronic documents are not localized. Given telecommunications connections, an electronic document can be used from anywhere, without one even knowing where it is stored geographically.
• In practice several people can use the same database or electronic records at the same time.
• Electronic documents are easily copied.
• Documents stored electronically are very flexible. They are easy to revise, rearrange, reformat, and combine with other documents.
• Collections of documents stored in electronic form are now less bulky than paper versions.

The twentieth century was shaped by sweeping changes in communication technologies. The emergence and use of information technology is the century's most significant development affecting scholarly communication. The application of computers to information processing has brought several products and services to the scenes. Consequently, the academic community has undergone tremendous changes during these years, assuming new dimensions influenced by technology-driven applications. Libraries have witnessed a great metamorphosis in recent years, both in their collection development and in their service structures. Thus libraries are using technology to improve the management of scholarly information to strengthen and speed access to scholarly information not held locally. Print medium is increasingly giving way to the electronic form of materials. Ani states that "the transition from print to electronic medium, apart from resulting in a growth of electronic information, has provided users with new tools and applications for information seeking and retrieval. Electronic resources are invaluable research tools that complement the print-based resources in a traditional library setting. However, library electronic resources are limited to those resources which have been digitized at the library so they can be accessed through the computer or computer network. The process of digitilisation is a major one, involving much labour and expense. Computer skills refer to the ability to use the software and hardware of a computer. It means to have the skills and the knowledge to use computers competently. People having basic computer skills are considered very important assets anywhere.

The basic computer skills include:

• Being able to power on the computer.
• Being able to use a mouse to interact with elements on the screen.
• Being able to use the computer keyboard.
• Being able to shut down computer properly after use.

Educational institutions e.g. universities, polytechnics, colleges of education consider computer literacy to be a very vital skill to acquire because academics is becoming more technologically advanced. Computers help lecturers to acquire knowledge, disseminate or impact the knowledge unto their students in a faster way. Computers are just as common as pen and paper are for writing especially among youth. For many applications, especially communication, computers are preferred over pen, paper and typewriters because of their ability to duplicate and retain information and ease of editing. There is a common pronounced digital divide that separates both physical access to technology and the ability to use that technology effectively. Computers are used in schools for many applications such as writing papers or searching the Internet for information. Computers skills are also a subject being specifically taught in many institutions as one of the general compulsory courses. Access to electronic library resources is also an important factor in the utilization of electronic library resources. Access to electronic library resources also poses a great challenge to users; some libraries require subscription before you can have full access to their resources. Electronic resources provide unprecedented opportunities to expand the scope of information available to users. Advances in computer applications during the past few decades have brought radical changes in the way information is gathered, stored, organized, accessed, retrieved and consumed. The Internet and the web are constantly influencing the development of new modes of scholarly communication; their potentials for delivering goods are quite vast, as they overcome successfully the geographical limitations associated with the print media. Furthermore, the distribution time between product publication and its delivery has been drastically reduced. The Internet can be used for efficient retrieval and meeting information needs. This is very important for lecturers in higher institution of learning, since their job requires research. This important fact is convincing many libraries to move towards acquiring electronic resources which are found to be less expensive and more useful for easy access. This is especially helpful to university lecturers, who have limited time to access commonly available print information materials. The shift from printed forms of information resources to electronic information materials means both academic staff and students must utilize these resources for better quality, efficient and effective research more than ever. Though these resources are made available to academic staff, they have not utilized these electronic information resources effectively. There are many factors that determine the utilization of these library electronic resources. Some of these are: Computer skills and access.

Statement of the problem

Supporting research and learning activities is the major mission of academic libraries. In recent years, academic libraries face pressure like diminished budgets, increased patrons demand, and rising costs for books and periodical subscriptions. The thriving growth of electronic publications is reshaping nature of collections and the mode of delivering and accessing information in libraries. Despite the availability of these electronic resources, it has been observed they are still underutilized by academic staff of two selected universities. This was due to some factors: Computer illiteracy or low level of computer skills and access to the electronic resources.

Objectives of the study

The specific objectives of the study are to:

• Determine the level of computer skills acquired by the lecturers of the two universities.
• Determine the level of access to library electronic resources by the lecturers of the two universities,
• Determine the level of usefulness of library electronic resources to the lecturers of the two universities,
• Investigate the frequency of utilization of library electronic resources by the lecturers of the two universities,

Research questions

The following questions were answered in the study:

• What is the level of computer skills of the lecturers of the two universities?
• What is the level of access to library electronic resources by the lecturers of the two universities?
• What is the level of usefulness of library electronic resources to the lecturers of the two universities?
• What is the frequency of utilisation of library electronic resources by the lecturers of the two universities?

Research hypotheses

To achieve the objectives of this study, the following hypotheses was tested at 0.05 level of significance:

H₀₁: There is no significant relationship between the lecturers’ usefulness of library electronic resources to the lecturers’ on their utilization of the resources.

H₀₂: There is no joint effect of the lecturers’ computer skills, access to, and usefulness of the library electronic resources on their utilization of the resources.

Literature Review

According to Dayis usefulness is the degree to which an individual believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance. Usefulness as an extension of the concept of relevance is a research interest of users and information behavior studies. It inquires about the quality of cognitive, semantic and effective interaction between the user and the content of a document. Certain criteria have been identified as attributes of usefulness that can affect users' interaction with the content of information source. These determinants are relevance, format, timeliness, and reliability. Okello-obura and Magara investigated libraries electronic information access and utilization at the East Africa school of library and information science, Makere university, Uganda. Out of 250 targeted students, 190 responded, giving a response rate of 78%. The study revealed that users were satisfied and derived a lot of benefits from electronic resources gaining access to a wider range of information and improved academic performance, as a result of access to quality information. Anuobi and Okoya opined that digital technology has revolutionized not only the way information is packaged, processed, stored and disseminated and also how seekers access information. Campbell observed that numerous creative and useful services have evolved with academic libraries in the digital age, providing quality learning spaces, creative metadata, offering virtual reference services, teaching information literacy, choosing resources and managing license, collecting and digitizing archival materials and maintaining digital repositories. Bhati reported that lecturers of Islamia University, Pakistan use electronic information resources for preparation of lecture notes, gaining subject knowledge, research, leisure, sending short-text, messages, entertainment, communication, online discussion and for receiving news. Electronic information resources make it possible for users to access large volumes of information irrespective of their geographical location.

Electronic information resources have made it possible for scholars at different locations on the globe to exchange ideas on various fields of study and also allow students and lecturers to communicate both within and across international borders. Electronic information sources offer today's lecturers different opportunities from their predecessors. Brophy detailed the advantages of networking for the user as being "the information needed can be delivered from the most appropriate source to the user; the user can re-specify his/her need dynamically". The information is obtained when it is wanted, so it comes just in time rather than just in case. The user only selects the information needed to answer the specific question and finally, the information is only stored when the user wishes. Library electronic resources, therefore provides a number of advantages over the traditional print resources; these are: Electronic resources are faster than consulting print indexes, especially when searching retrospectively, and they are more straightforward when wishing to use combination of keywords. They enable the user to search for multiple files at the same time using a feat accomplished more easily than when using print equivalent.

Electronic resources can be printed and searches saved to be repeated at a later time. They are updated more often than printed resources. One major advantage especially to distant learners or those with limited time to access the library is their availability from outside the library by dial-up access. The importance and wide ranging scope of electronic resources for general communication, information retrieval and instructional delivery to support teaching and research activities in tertiary institutions is acknowledged worldwide. A study on the usefulness of electronic resources to lecturers, students and research scholars of tertiary institutions found that 78% of the respondents felt that the use of electronic journals has created high dependency value on their research work, needed current article alert services and electronic document supply services. Okello-Obura and Magara investigated electronic information access and utilization at East Africa school of library and information science, Makere university, Uganda. The study revealed that users derived a lot of benefits from electronic resources, gaining access to a wider range of information and improved academic performance as a result of access to quality information. Oduwole and Akpati investigated the accessibility and retrieval of electronic information at the University of Agriculture Library, Abeokuta, Nigeria. The study revealed that electronic information cuts across all members of the university community and that it was to a greater extent easy to use and were satisfied with their search outputs. The constants identified included insufficient number of terminals available for use despite high demand and inadequate electricity supply. Electronic resources afford lecturers the opportunity to access relevant and up-to-date information from different subject fields. Siddiqui emphasized access to remote learning resources as a development that electronic resources have brought into education. Lecturers and learners no longer have to rely mainly on printed resources housed in libraries which are available in limited quantities for their educational needs.

Methodology

The style adopted from this research was design of descriptive method. The population of the study was made up of 312 lecturers from LAUTECH, Ogbomoso and 311 lecturers from the University of Ibadan. Proportionate random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 279. Questionnaire was the only instrument used to collect data. The data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics consisting of frequency tables and percentages for the research questions while Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used for the research hypothesis (Table 1).

Table 1: Sample size

Questionnaire distribution and administration

A total number of two hundred and seventy-nine (279) copies of the questionnaire were administered to the respondents in the Lautech, Ogbomoso and the University of Ibadan. One hundred and forty (140) copies were administered to the lecturers at the University of Ibadan, out of which 124 copies were dully filled and returned giving a response rate of 88.6%. 139 copies were administered to the respondents (lecturers) at the University of Ibadan, and 118 copies were dully filled and returned giving a response rate of 84.9%. The overall response rate was 86.7%.

Demographic characteristics of the respondents

Table 2 showed that the number of male respondents was more than that of female respondents in both universities. The total number of male respondents from the University of Ibadan was 81 (65.3%) while female respondents were 43 (34.7%). From LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, there were 83 (70.3%) male respondents and 35(29.7%) female respondents. The analysis shows that 71% of the respondents from both Universities were between 36-45 years of age. At the University of Ibadan, 38 respondents (30.6%) were lecturer 11 while 27 (22.9%) at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, were also lecturer II.

Table 2: Demographic characteristics of respondents

Answers to the research questions

Research question 1: What is the level of computer skills of the lecturers of the two institutions?

Table 3 revealed that majority of the lecturers from the two universities are skilled in the use of the library electronic resources. This finding was supported by Oduwole et al, who reported high usage of electronic information resources among lecturers. The analysis shows that at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, lecturers are more skilled in the use of E-journals than the lecturers at the Ibadan university. From the University of Ibadan 98 (79%) of the lecturers are skilled in the use of E-journals while 103 (87.3%) of LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, lecturers are skilled in the use of E-journals. The LAUTECH, Ogbomoso lecturers are more skilled in the use of OPAC than those of the University of Ibadan lecturers. From the University of Ibadan, 77 (62.1%) of the lecturers are skilled in the use of OPAC while 70 (69.4%) of LAUTECH, Ogbomoso are skilled in the use of OPAC. The LAUTECH, Ogbomoso lecturers are more skilled in the use of CD-ROMS than the University of Ibadan lecturers, from the University of Ibadan, 86 (69.4%) of the respondents are skilled in the use of CD-ROM, while 103 (87.3%) are skilled at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. The LAUTECH, Ogbomoso lecturers are more skilled in the use of search engines. 91 (74.2%) of the respondents from the University of Ibadan are skilled in the use of search engines, while 101 (85.6%) are skilled at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. The lecturers at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso are more skilled in the use of E-books. 89 (71.8%) of the respondents from the University of Ibadan are skilled in the use of E-books, while 91 (77.1) of the lecturers at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso are skilled.

Table 3: Computer skills of the lecturers

Research question 2: What is the level of access to library electronic resources by the lecturers of the two institutions?

Table 4 revealed that the library electronic resources are more accessible to the lecturers at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso than the lecturers at the University of Ibadan. At the University of Ibadan, 90 (72.6%) of the lecturers found E-journals to be accessible while 93 (78.8%) of the lecturers at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso found E-journals to be accessible. At the University of Ibadan, 71 (57.3) of the lecturers found OPAC to be accessible while 73 (61.7) found OPAC accessible at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. 80 (64.5%) lecturers found CD-ROMs accessible at the University of Ibadan, while 91 (77.1%) lecturers found it accessible at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. At the University of Ibadan, 84 (67.7%) of the lecturers found search engines accessible while 92 (78%) found it accessible at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. 81 (65.3%) of the lecturers at the University of Ibadan, found E-books accessible while 93 (78.8%) found it accessible at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso.

Table 4: Level of lecturers’ access to the electronic resources

The result of the analysis revealed that majority of the lecturers from both University, found electronic databases like JSTOR, HINARI, AGORA, EBSCOHOST and SCIENCE DIRECT not accessible.

Research questions 3: What is the level of usefulness of library electronic resources to the lecturers of the two institutions?

Table 5 revealed that most of the lecturers at the University of Ibadan and LAUTECH, Ogbomoso find library electronics resources to be useful to them. At the University of Ibadan, 87% found library electronic resources useful, while 91% of the lecturers at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, found the library electronic resources useful. This was one of the reasons the lectures at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso utilize library electronic resources more than their counterparts at the University of Ibadan.

Table 5: Usefulness of electronic resources

Research question 4: What is the frequency of utilization of library electronic resources by the lecturers of the two institutions?

Table 6 revealed that at the University of Ibadan, 24 (19.4%) of the lecturers use E-journals daily, 30 (24.2%) use it twice a week and 7 (5.6%) use E-journals once a month. 31 (25%) use it occasionally while 5 (4%) rarely use it. 34 (27.4%) of the lecturers use E-books on daily basis while 7 (5.6%) rarely use it. Majority of the lecturers do not use OPAC regularly, 5 (4.0%) use OPAC daily. 23 (18.5%) use CD-ROM daily while 15 (12.2%) rarely use it. 46 (37.1%) of the lecturers use search engines daily while, 53 (42.8%) use it occasionally. Electronic databases like JSTOR, AGORA, HINARI, EBSCOHOST and SCIENCE DIRECT are not regularly used by the lecturers. 3 (2.4%) use JSTOR daily and just 10 (8.1%) of the lecturers use SCIENCE DIRECT daily.

Table 6: Frequency of use of electronic resources by lecturers of the University Ibadan

Table 7 revealed that at LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, 28 (23.7%) use E-journals daily while, 27 (22.9%) use it occasionally. 51 (43.2%) of the lecturers use E-books daily. 32 (27.1%) use OPAC daily, while, 14 (11.9%) use CD-ROM daily. 34 (28.9%) use search engines daily. Electronic databases like JSTOR, HINARI, AGORA, EBSCOHOST, and SCIENCE DIRECT are used occasionally by the lecturers.

Table 7: Frequency of use of electronic resources by lecturers of LAUTECH, Ogbomoso

Research hypotheses

Hypothesis 1: There is no significant relationship between the usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization by the lecturers in the two institutions (Table 8).

Table 8: Relationship between usefulness and utilization

From the result of the analysis carried out, the significant value of the correlation coefficient between University of Ibadan lecturers’ usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of resources is 0.755 and is closer to the figure one than zero indicating that there is a strong positive correlation between the lecturers' usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of the resources. This indicated that the utilization of the electronic resources was enhanced by the usefulness of the electronic resources to the lecturers. The significant value of the correlation coefficient between the lecturers' usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of the resources is 0.014 and is less than 0.05 indicating that there is a linear relationship between the usefulness of library electronic resources to the lecturers and their utilization of resources, which indicates the more usefulness the library electronic resources to the lecturers, the more the utilization of the resources is improved. Therefore, the hypothesis was rejected. From the result of the analysis carried out, the significant value of the correlation coefficient between the LAUTECH, Ogbomoso lecturers' usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of resources is 0.830 and was closer to the figure one than zero indicating that there was a strong positive correlation between the usefulness of library electronic resources to the lecturers and their utilization of the resources. This indicated that the utilization of the electronic resources would enhanced by the usefulness of the electronic resources to the lecturers. The significant value of the correlation coefficient between the lecturers' usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of resources was 0.000 and was less than 0.05 indicating that there was a linear relationship between the usefulness of library electronic resources to the lecturers and their utilization of the resources, which means that the more useful the library electronic resources are to the lecturers, the more their utilization of the resources was enhanced. Therefore, the hypothesis was rejected (Table 9).

Hypothesis 2: There is no significant joint effect of the lecturers’ computer skills access to, and usefulness of the library electronic resources on their utilization of the resources.

Table 9: Effects of computer skills, access to and usefulness of e-resources on utilization

From the result of the analysis carried out, the significant value of the correlation coefficient between the joint effects of University of Ibadan lecturers’ computer skills, access to and usefulness of the library electronic resources and their utilization of the resources is 0.750 and is closer to the figure one than zero indicating that there is a strong positive correlation between computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of the resources. This indicated that the utilization of resources would enhanced by computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources. The significant value of the correlation coefficient between the effects of computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of the resources was 0.000 and was less than 0.05 indicating that there was a linear relationship between the joint effect of computer skills, access to and usefulness of the resources and their utilization of the resources, which means that the improvement of the University of Ibadan lecturers' computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources would enhance the utilization of electronic resources in the library. Therefore, the hypothesis was rejected.

From the result of the analysis carried out, the significant value of the correlation coefficient between the joint effects of LAUTECH, Ogbomoso lecturers' computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of the resources was 0.754 and was closer to the figure one than zero indicating there was a strong positive correlation between the joint effects of computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of the resources. This indicated that the utilization of the resources was greatly enhanced by the joint effects of computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources. The significant value of the correlation coefficient between the joint effects of computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of the resources was 0.000 and was less than 0.05 indicating that there was a linear relationship between the joint effects of computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources and their utilization of resources, which indicates that the improvement of LAUTECH, Ogbomoso lecturers' computer skills, access to and usefulness of library electronic resources would enhanced their utilization of the electronic resources in the library. Therefore, the hypothesis was rejected.

Discussion

The result of the analysis showed that the majority of the lecturers from the two Universities are not skilled in the use of electronic databases like JSTOR, HINARI, AGORA, EBSCOHOST and SCIENCE DIRECT. This was supported by Rana who identified low-level of ICT literacy skills as a major problem hindering the utilization of library electronic resources. Watts and Ibegbulem also pointed that lack of adequate ICT infrastructure, affordable access to the internet, poor ICT skills and information searching skills among library staff and users are some of the problems facing library electronic resources utilization at medical library of the college of medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The level of access to library electronic resources in both Universities was found to be highly correlated and significantly related to the utilization of library electronic resources. This was supported by Ugah who opined that the more accessible information sources are the more likely to be used and readers tend to use resources that require the least effort to access. The findings revealed that electronic resources like: E-journals, OP AC, E-books and CD-ROMs are utilized because they are accessible to the lecturers in both institutions.

The level of usefulness of library electronic resources was also found to be highly correlated and significantly related to the utilization of the library electronic resources by the lecturers in both Universities. This was supported by Okello and Magara who investigated libraries electronic information access and utilization at the East Africa School of Library and Information Science, Makere University, Uganda. Out of 250 targeted students, 190 responded, giving a response rate of 78%. The study revealed that users were satisfied and derived a lot of benefits from electronic resources gaming access to a wider range of information and improved academic performance, as a result of access to quality information. The study revealed lecturers in both Universities consider library electronic resources to be highly useful to them. The results of the analysis indicated that, utilization of library electronic resources by lecturers of the University of Ibadan and LAUTECH, Ogbomoso was highly influenced by their computer skills, access to and usefulness of the library electronic resources.

Conclusion

Computer skills, accessibility, and usefulness of library electronic resources determine the level utilization of the electronic resources by the lecturers. Though online databases are available in the libraries of both universities, they were still underutilized by the lecturers. Library electronic resources enable lecturers to deliver their work effectively through access to current and wider information resources available across the globe.

Library electronic resources are important sources of information for the university lecturers in LAUTECH, Ogbomoso and the University of Ibadan. The availability and utilization of these resources contribute meaningfully to the information acquisition for academic work and research needs of the lecturers. It is important for the lecturers to improve their computer skills so that they can adequately utilize the available resources.

Recommendations

The following recommendations were made based on the findings of this study:

• Lecturers need to improve their computer skills in order to adequately utilize library electronic resources.
• Libraries should endeavour to improve their internet connectivity so that the users can adequately access and utilize the electronic resources available there.
• Libraries should organize awareness or sensitization programmers, as this will create awareness of the various resources available and the services rendered by such libraries.
• Libraries and school management team should find a way of providing uninterrupted power supply so that the electronic resources could be adequately utilized by the users.

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